Remote Tape or Diskette Drive
You specify a remote tape device or a remote diskette by using the syntax host:device.
The ufsdump command writes to the remote device when superuser
on the local system has access to the remote system. If you usually run the ufsdump command as superuser, the name of the local system must
be included in the /.rhosts file on the remote system.
If you specify the device as user@host:device, the ufsdump command tries to access the device on the remote system as the
specified user. In this case, the specified user must be included in the /.rhosts file on the remote system.
Use the naming convention for the device that matches the operating
system for the system on which the device resides, not the system from which
you run the ufsdump command. If the drive is on a system
that is running a previous SunOS release (for example, 4.1.1), use the SunOS
4.1 device name (for example, /dev/rst0). If the system
is running Solaris software, use the SunOS 5.9 convention (for example, /dev/rmt/0).
Using Standard Output With the ufsdump Command
When you specify a dash (-) as the dump-file argument, the ufsdump command writes
to standard output.
Note - The -v option (verify) does not work when the dump-file argument is standard output.
You can use the ufsdump and ufsrestore
commands in a pipeline to copy a file system by writing to standard output
with the ufsdump command and reading from standard input
with the ufsrestore command. For example:
# ufsdump 0f - /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 | (cd /home; ufsrestore xf -)
|
Specifying Files to Back Up
You must always include filenames as the
last argument on the command line. This argument specifies the source or contents
of the backup.
For a file system, specify the raw device file as follows:
/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
You can specify the file system by its mount point directory (for example, /export/home), as long as an entry for it exists in the /etc/vfstab file.
For a complete description of device- naming conventions, see Backup Device Names.
For individual files or directories, type one or more names separated
by spaces.
Note - When you use the ufsdump command to back up
one or more directories or files (rather than a complete file system), a level
0 backup is done. Incremental backups do not apply.
Specifying Tape Characteristics
If you do not specify any
tape characteristics, the ufsdump command uses a set of
defaults. You can specify the tape cartridge (c), density
(d), size (s), and number of tracks
(t). Note that you can specify the options in any order,
as long as the arguments that follow match the order of the options.
Limitations of the ufsdump Command
The ufsdump command cannot do the following:
Automatically calculate the number of tapes or diskettes that
are needed for backing up file systems. You can use the dry run mode (S option) to determine how much space is needed before actually
backing up file systems.
Provide built-in error checking to minimize problems when
it backs up an active file system.
Back up files that are remotely mounted from a server. Files
on the server must be backed up on the server itself. Users are denied permission
to run the ufsdump command on files they own that are located
on a server.
Options and Arguments for the ufsdump Command
This section describes in
detail the options and arguments for the ufsdump command.
The syntax for the ufsdump command is as follows:
/usr/sbin/ufsdump options arguments filenames
|
options | Is a single string of one-letter option
names. |
arguments | Identifies option arguments and might
consist of multiple strings. The option letters and their associated arguments
must be in the same order. |
filenames | Identifies the files to back up. These
arguments must always come last, each separated by a space. |
Default ufsdump Options
If you run the ufsdump command without any options,
use this syntax:
The ufsdump command uses these options and arguments,
by default:
ufsdump 9uf /dev/rmt/0 filenames
|
These options do a level 9 incremental backup to the default tape drive
at its preferred density.
Options for the ufsdump Command
The following table describes the options for the ufsdump
command.
Table 50-1 Options for the ufsdump Command
Option | Description |
|---|
0-9 | Dump level. Level 0 is for a full backup
of the complete file system or file systems specified by filenames. Levels 1-9 are for incremental backups of files that
have changed since the last lower-level backup. |
a archive-file | Archive file. Specifies a file that stores (archives) a backup table of contents.
The file can be understood only by the ufsrestore command.
This command uses the table of contents to determine whether a file to be
restored is present in a backup file, and if so, on which volume of the media
the file resides. |
b factor | Blocking factor. Specifies the number of 512-byte blocks to write to tape
at a time. |
c | Cartridge. Identifies the backup media
as cartridge tape. When end-of-media detection applies, this option sets the
block size to 126. |
d bpi | Tape
density. Specifies the tape density. Use this option only when the ufsdump command cannot detect the end of the media. |
D | Diskette. Identifies the backup media
as a diskette. |
f dump-file | Dump file. Writes the files to the destination that is specified by dump-file instead of the default device. If the file is specified
as user@system:device, the ufsdump
command attempts to execute as the specified user on the remote system. The
specified user must have a /.rhosts file on the remote
system that allows the user who is invoking the command on the local system
to access the remote system. |
l | Autoload. Use this option if you have
an autoloading (stackloader) tape drive. When the end of a tape is reached,
this option takes the drive offline and waits up to two minutes for the tape
drive to be ready again. If the drive is ready within two minutes, the autoload
continues. If the drive is not ready after two minutes, autoload prompts the
operator to load another tape. |
n | Notify. When intervention is needed,
this option sends a message to all terminals of all users in the sys group. |
o | Offline. When the command is finished
with a tape or diskette, this option takes the drive offline, rewinds (if
tape), and if possible removes the media. For example, this option ejects
a diskette or removes an 8-mm autoloaded tape. |
s size | Size.
Specifies the size of the backup media. For tapes, the size is specified in
feet. For diskettes, the size is specified by the number of 1024-byte
blocks.. Use this option only when the ufsdump command
cannot detect the end of the media. |
S | Size. Estimates the size of the backup.
Determines the amount of space that is needed to perform the backup, without
actually doing it. Outputs a single number that indicates the estimated size
of the backup in bytes. |
t tracks | Tracks. Specifies the number of tracks for a 1/4-inch cartridge tape. Use
this option only when the ufsdump command cannot detect
the end of the media. |
u | Update. Updates the dump record. A
completed backup of a file system adds an entry to the /etc/dumpdates file. The entry indicates the device name for the file system's
disk slice, the dump level (0-9), and the date. No record is written
when you do not use the u option or when you back up individual
files or directories. If a record already exists for a backup at the same
level, it is replaced. |
v | Verify. After each tape or diskette
is written, verifies the contents of the media against the source file system.
If any discrepancies occur, prompts the operator to mount new media, then
repeats the process. Use this option only on an unmounted file system, because
any activity in the file system causes the ufsdump command
to report discrepancies. |
w | Warning. Lists the file systems that
appear in the /etc/dumpdates file that have not been
backed up within a day. When you use this option, all other options are ignored. |
W | Warning with highlight. Shows all the
file systems that appear in the /etc/dumpdates file and
highlights those file systems that have not been backed up within a day. When
you use this option, all other options are ignored. |
Note - The /etc/vfstab file does not contain information
about how often to back up a file system.
The ufsdump Command and Security Issues
If you are concerned about security, you should do the following:
Require superuser access for the ufsdump
command.
Ensure superuser access entries are removed from /.rhosts files on clients and servers if you are doing centralized
backups.
For general information on security, see System Administration Guide: Security Services.
Options and Arguments for the ufsrestore Command
The syntax of the ufsrestore command is as follows:
/usr/sbin/ufsrestore options arguments filenames
|
options | Is a single string of one-letter option
names. You must choose one and only one of these options: i, r, R, t, or x.
The additional options listed in Table 50-3 are optional. |
arguments | Follows the option string
with the arguments that match the options. The option letters and their associated
arguments must be in the same order. |
filenames | Specifies the file or files to be restored
as arguments to the x or t options.
These arguments must always come last, separated by spaces. |
You must use one (and only one) of the ufsrestore
command options described in the following table.
Table 50-2 One Required Option for the ufsrestore Command
Option | Description |
|---|
i | Interactive. Runs the ufsrestore command in interactive mode. In this mode, you can use a limited
set of shell-like commands to browse the contents of the media and select
individual files or directories to restore. For a list of interactive commands,
see Table 50-4. |
r | Recursive. Restores the entire contents
of the media into the current working directory (which should be the top level
of the file system). Information used to restore incremental backups on top
of the full backup (for example, restoresymtable) is
also included. To completely restore a file system, use this option to restore
the full (level 0) backup and each subsequent incremental backup. Although
this option is intended for a new file system (that was just created with
the newfs command), files not on the backup media are preserved. |
R | Resume restoring. Prompts for the volume
from which to resume restoring and restarts from a checkpoint. You rerun the ufsrestore command with this option after a full restore (r option) is interrupted. |
x [filenames] | Extract. Selectively restores the files you specify by the filenames argument. filenames can be a list
of files and directories, each separated by a space. All files under a specified
directory are restored unless you also use the h option.
If you omit filenames or enter "." for the root directory, all files on all volumes of the
media (or from standard input) are restored. Existing files are overwritten,
and warnings are displayed. |
t [filenames] | Table of contents. Checks the files that are specified in the filenames argument against the media. For each file, lists the
full file name and the inode number (if the file is found) or indicates that
the file is not on the "volume" (meaning any volume in a multivolume
backup). If you do not enter the filenames argument,
all files on all volumes of the media are listed (without distinguishing on
which volume files are located). If you also use the h option, only the directory files that are specified in filenames, not their contents, are checked and listed. The table
of contents is read from the first volume of the media, or, if you use the a option, from the specified archive file. This option is mutually
exclusive with the x and r options. |
Additional ufsrestore options are described in the
following table. These options are optional.
Table 50-3 Additional Options for the ufsrestore Command
Option | Description |
|---|
a archive-file [filenames] | Archive file. Takes the backup table
of contents from the specified archive-file instead
of from the media (first volume). You can use this option with the t, i, or x options to see
if files are on the media without having to mount any media. If you use this
option with the x and interactive (i)
extract options, you are prompted to mount the appropriate volume before extracting
the file or files. |
b factor | Blocking factor. Specifies number of 512-byte blocks read at a time from a
tape. By default, the ufsrestore command tries to figure
out the block size that was used when the tape was being written to. |
d | Debug. Turns on debugging messages. |
f backup-file | Backup file. Reads the files from the source indicated by backup-file, instead of from the default device file /dev/rmt/0m. If you use the f option, you must specify
a value for backup-file. When backup-file is of the form system:device, the ufsrestore command reads from the remote device. You can also use
the backup-file argument to specify a file on a
local or remote disk. If thebackup-file consistes
of `-', the files are read from standard input. |
h | Turns off directory expansion. Only
the directory file you specify is extracted or listed. |
m | Restores specified files into the current
directory on the disk, regardless of where they are located in the backup
hierarchy. Also, renames the specified files with their inode number. For
example, if the current working directory is /files,
a file in the backup named ./dready/fcs/test
with inode number 42 is restored as /files/42. This option
is useful only when you are extracting a few files. |
s n | Skip.
Skips to the nth backup file on the media (first
volume). This option is useful when you put more than one backup on a single
tape. |
v | Verbose. Displays the names and inode
numbers of each file as it is restored. |
y | Specifies that the command continues
when errors occur while reading the media, trying to skip over bad blocks
instead of stopping and asking whether to continue. This option tells the
command to assume a yes response. |
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